Konsumsi Rokok Indikator Kemiskinan Masyarakat Indonesia

Konsumsi rokok diyakini sebagai salah satu indikator kemiskinan masyarakat Indonesia selama ini, akibatnya perilaku tersebut tidak hanya dapat mengurangi pendapatan, belanja bulanan keluarga, hingga berujung pada kematian.

"Saya pernah menemukan kesaksian ada seorang sopir berpenghasilan Rp50 ribu sehari dengan empat anak yang kedua anaknya tidak sekolah dengan alasan biaya. Anehnya, sopir tersebut mampu menghabiskan uang Rp24 ribu per hari untuk membeli tiga pak rokok. Sementara, ia memberi uang belanja kepada istrinya sebesar Rp20 ribu sehari," kata Peneliti Lembaga Demografi Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia, Abdillah Ahsan, di Surabaya, Kamis.

Ia mengakui, hal itu memang fenomena umum yang sering ditemui diantara masyarakat miskin di Indonesia.

"Meski sang kepala rumah tangga memiliki penghasilan terbatas, ia mengonsumsi rokok seperti layaknya kereta api," katanya.

Menurut dia, merokok berdampak pada berkurangnya pendapatan yang bisa dibelanjakan untuk kepentingan lain seperti makanan yang sehat dan layak, biaya sekolah, dan sebagainya.

"Semisal, seorang kepala keluarga mengonsumsi rokok satu pak seharga Rp5 ribu per hari. Padahal, uang yang terbakar melalui rokok tersebut bisa dibelikan tiga butir telur yang mengandung banyak gizi untuk makan seluruh anaknya," katanya.

Selain itu, kata dia, secara ilmiah terbukti bahwa merokok menimbulkan banyak masalah kesehatan dan meningkatkan biaya kesehatan yang jumlahnya bisa tiga kali lipat dari cukai rokok.

"Bahkan, lebih dari 70.000 penelitian di Amerika Serikat berhasil membuktikan bahaya merokok bagi kesehatan," katanya.

Melihat beragam kenyataan itu, ia berharap, pemerintah mengambil sikap tegas. Salah satunya dengan menaikkan harga cukai rokok, melarang secara total iklan rokok, dan memasang peringatan bergambar mengenai bahaya merokok.

"Sekarang, besaran cukai rokok rata-rata baru 38 persen. Padahal, dalam Pasal 5 UU Nomer 39 Tahun 2007, pemerintah boleh mematok cukai hingga 57 persen. Namun, besaran itu ternyata masih rendah dibandingkan patokan cukai luar negeri yang mencapai 65 persen," katanya.

Kontroversi lain, ia menjelaskan, mengenai usulan pelarangan iklan rokok secara total dengan alasan olahraga dan musik akan mati karena tidak ada sponsor. Bila dibandingkan dengan negara Thailand yang melarang total iklan rokok, apakah sepak bola Indonesia lebih baik dari Thailand karena sebagian besar masyarakatnya masih merokok.

"Meski tanpa iklan rokok, sepak bola Thailand lebih baik dari sepak bola nasional. Begitu halnya dengan musik, di luar negeri musiknya tetap hidup tanpa iklan rokok," katanya.

Ketua Bidang Penyuluhan dan Pendidikan Lembaga Menanggulangi Masalah Merokok (LM3), Fuad Baradja, menyesalkan, mengapa "political will" Indonesia lemah terhadap penanggulangan rokok. "Padahal, saat ini sudah ada sekitar 164 negara di dunia yang memiliki payung hukum terhadap hal itu," katanya.

Sependapat dengan Ahsan, aktivis yang sudah berhenti merokok sejak tahun 1991 itu, menyarankan, agar cukai rokok dinaikkan sehingga harga rokok akan terkerek naik. Melalui kenaikan cukai itu, angka perokok yang khususnya dari rumah tangga termiskin akan berkurang.

"Jika hal itu sukses, bukan tidak mungkin jumlah perokok yang berasal dari keluarga terkaya juga turun. Akibatnya, bangsa ini akan terbebas dari rokok yang jelas merugikan diri sendiri dan orang tercinta di sekitar mereka," katanya.

Kebiasaan merokok, menurut dia, memang dinilai menyenangkan oleh sebagian orang ini, tetapi justru memberi dampak negatif.

"Apalagi, terdapat sekitar 4.000 zat kimia dalam sebatang rokok yang menjadi sumber penyakit ataupun memperparah penyakit yang diderita seseorang," katanya.

Revitalisasi dam Integrasi Riset Perlu Visi dam Misi

Kementerian Negara Riset dan Teknologi (KNRT) dan Balitbangda Provinsi Sulsel mengadakan Workshop Pemberdayaan SDM Iptek Lembaga Litbang dan Perguruan Tinggi di Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Daerah Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, Makassar pada 5 Mei 2009 dengan tema “Revitalisasi dan Integrasi Riset Perguruan Tinggi dan Lembaga Litbang di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan”.

Workshop dibuka oleh Kepala Balitbangda Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, Titien Sutarty didampingi oleh Deputi Bidang Dinamika Masyarakat KNRT, Carunia Mulya Firdausy. Acara ini dihadiri Asdep Urusan Pemberdayaan SDM Iptek beserta staf, Undangan dari Unhas, Dewan Riset Daerah (DRD), Lemlit Universitas Hasanuddin (Unhas), Bappeda Prov Sulsel, dan para peneliti dari Sulawesi Selatan. Tujuan workshop ini adalah mendorong pengembangan iptek di perguruan tinggi dan litbang dalam mendukung interaksi ABG khususnya di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan.

Deputi Bidang Dinamika Masyarakat KNRT, Carunia Mulya Firdausy dalam sambutannya menyampaikan pentingnya peran Iptek dalam pembangunan ekonomi suatu negara, dimana pengembangan SDM Iptek dan sinergi sumber-sumber daya yang ada sangat diperlukan dalam membentuk Knowledge Based Economy (KBE). Kegiatan riset diperlukan untuk mendukung dinamika pembangunan dalam membangun Sistem Inovasi Nasional (SIN) melalui interaksi ABG (akademisi, bisnis dan pemerintah). Selanjutnya Carunia menyampaikan bahwa proses SIN sendiri sangat kompleks, melibatkan agen-agen heterogen antar lembaga dan antar institusi serta peran universitas saat ini sedang dikembangkan dari teaching university menjadi research university. Disamping itu, pertumbuhan pasar domestik dari supply push menjadi demand pull juga menjadi faktor penting dalam pembangunan ekonomi dan universitas merupakan pemusatan aktor-aktor riset dalam menghadapi tantangan pembangunan dan mengembangakan iptek, seni dan humaniora.

Dalam kesempatan ini, narasumber A.M.Salattu mengidentifikasi bahwa melembagakan dan pelembagaan kegiatan riset di Kawasan Timur Indonesia (KTI) masih belum terjadi. Perlu dibangun jejaring kegiatan riset, peneliti dan hasil-hasil riset. Untuk bisa mewujudkan sinergi dan integrasi riset perlu dicari kepentingan bersama yang diinginkan dan dibutuhkan para stakeholder untuk pembangunan KTI, khususnya di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan.

Dari diskusi terungkap pentingnya pembentukan sikap mental yang baik (spiritual) sumber daya manusia pelaku ipteks (ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi dan seni) yang harus dibentuk melalui pendidikan sedini mungkin. Aksesibilitas terhadap database hasil-hasil riset hendaknya dipermudah untuk menghindari duplikasi penelitian. Sosialisasi dan implementasi hasil-hasil penelitian di Unhas dirasakan masih belum banyak diketahui masyarakat. Namun ada hasil riset yang telah digunakan di daerah lain, seperti Gorontalo bahkan Malaysia. Salah satu peserta dari Universitas Negeri Makassar (UNM) mengusulkan untuk diadakan program insentif penelitian/kajian dalam bidang pendidikan khususnya bagi para pendidik, guna memenuhi kebutuhan para guru dalam memenuhi persyaratan sertifikasi dan kenaikan pangkat pendidikan. from : ristek.go.id.

Linux Operating System

Linux is an operating system that was initially created as a hobby by a young student, Linus Torvalds, at the University of Helsinki in Finland. Linus had an interest in Minix, a small UNIX system, and decided to develop a system that exceeded the Minix standards. He began his work in 1991 when he released version 0.02 and worked steadily until 1994 when version 1.0 of the Linux Kernel was released. The kernel, at the heart of all Linux systems, is developed and released under the GNU General Public License and its source code is freely available to everyone. It is this kernel that forms the base around which a Linux operating system is developed. There are now literally hundreds of companies and organizations and an equal number of individuals that have released their own versions of operating systems based on the Linux kernel. More information on the kernel can be found at our sister site, LinuxHQ and at the official Linux Kernel Archives. The current full-featured version is 2.6 (released December 2003) and development continues.

Apart from the fact that it's freely distributed, Linux's functionality, adaptability and robustness, has made it the main alternative for proprietary Unix and Microsoft operating systems. IBM, Hewlett-Packard and other giants of the computing world have embraced Linux and support its ongoing development. Well into its second decade of existence, Linux has been adopted worldwide primarily as a server platform. Its use as a home and office desktop operating system is also on the rise. The operating system can also be incorporated directly into microchips in a process called "embedding" and is increasingly being used this way in appliances and devices.

Throughout most of the 1990's, tech pundits, largely unaware of Linux's potential, dismissed it as a computer hobbyist project, unsuitable for the general public's computing needs. Through the efforts of developers of desktop management systems such as KDE and GNOME, office suite project OpenOffice.org and the Mozilla web browser project, to name only a few, there are now a wide range of applications that run on Linux and it can be used by anyone regardless of his/her knowledge of computers. Those curious to see the capabilities of Linux can download a live CD version called Knoppix . It comes with everything you might need to carry out day-to-day tasks on the computer and it needs no installation. It will run from a CD in a computer capable of booting from the CD drive. Those choosing to continue using Linux can find a variety of versions or "distributions" of Linux that are easy to install, configure and use. Information on these products is available in our distribution section and can be found by selecting the mainstream/general public category.

Additional Information

If you're interested in learning about Linux, need help with some aspect of its use or are enthusiastic about it and want to help foster its adoption, you may want to get in touch with a Linux User Group in your area. There are groups in practically every country, region and city in the world, so there is likely to be one near you.

Each day, Linux use is increasing in every sector of our society. We have information about Linux deployments in government, industry and the arts.

Linux has an official mascot, Tux, the Linux penguin, which was selected by Linus Torvalds to represent the image he associates with the operating system. Tux was created by Larry Ewing and Larry has generously given it to the community to be freely used to promote Linux. More information on use of the image can be found on his webpage. More links to variations on the image and alternative logos can be found on our logo page

Many people are not sure of the pronunciation of the word Linux. Although many variations of the word exist, often due to native language factors, it is normally pronounced with a short " i " and with the first syllable stressed, as in LIH-nucks. You can hear how Linux creator Linus Torvalds pronounces the word in Swedish and in English.

GNOME...

GNOME (pronounced /gəˈnəʊm/ in RP or pronounced /gəˈnoʊm/ in the US/Canada)^[1] is a desktop environment—the graphical user interface which runs on top of a computer operating system—composed entirely of free software. It is an international project that includes creating software development frameworks, selecting application software for the desktop, and working on the programs which manage application launching, file handling, and window and task management.

GNOME is part of the GNU Project and can be used with various Unix-like operating systems, most notably those built on top of the Linux kernel and the GNU system, and as part of Java Desktop System in Solaris.

The name originally stood for GNU Network Object Model Environment.

Aims

“	The GNOME project provides two things: The GNOME desktop environment, an intuitive and attractive desktop for users, and the GNOME development platform, an extensive framework for building applications that integrate into the rest of the desktop.	”
	— GNOME website[2]

The GNOME project puts heavy emphasis on simplicity, usability, and making things “just work”. The other aims of the project are:

• Freedom—to create a desktop environment that will always have the source code available for re-use under a free software license.
• Accessibility—ensuring the desktop can be used by anyone, regardless of technical skill or physical disability.
• Internationalization and localization—making the desktop available in many languages. At the moment GNOME is being translated to over 100 languages.^[3]
• Developer-friendliness—ensuring it is easy to write software that integrates smoothly with the desktop, and allow developers a free choice of programming language.
• Organization—a regular release cycle and a disciplined community structure.
• Support—ensuring backing from other institutions beyond the GNOME community.

History

See also: History of free software#Desktop

In 1996, the KDE project was started. KDE was free software from the start, but members of the GNU project were concerned with KDE's dependence on the then non-free Qt widget toolkit. In August 1997, two projects were started in response to this issue: the Harmony toolkit (a free replacement for the Qt libraries) and GNOME (a different desktop not using Qt, but built entirely on top of free software).^[4] The initial project leaders for GNOME were Miguel de Icaza and Federico Mena.

In place of the Qt toolkit, GTK+ was chosen as the base of the GNOME desktop. GTK+ uses the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), a free software license that allows GPL-incompatible software (including proprietary software) to link to it. The GNOME desktop itself is licensed under the LGPL for its libraries, and the GPL for applications that are part of the GNOME project. Having the toolkit and libraries under the LGPL allowed applications written for GNOME to use a much wider set of licenses (including proprietary software licenses).^[5]

In 1998, Qt became open source. While Qt was dual-licensed under both the QPL and the GPL, the freedom to link proprietary software with GTK+ at no charge made it differ from Qt. With Qt licensed under the GPL, the Harmony Project stopped its efforts at the end of 2000, as KDE did not depend on non-free software anymore. In contrast, as of 2009, the development of GNOME has not stopped.

On March 2009, Qt 4.5 was released, adding another licensing option, the LGPL.

Name

The name “GNOME” was proposed as an acronym of GNU Network Object Model Environment by Elliot Lee, one of the authors of ORBit and the Object Activation Framework.^{[citation needed]} It refers to GNOME’s original intention of creating a distributed object framework similar to Microsoft’s OLE.^[6] This no longer reflects the core vision of the GNOME project, and the full expansion of the name is now considered obsolete. As such, some members of the project advocate dropping the acronym and re-naming “GNOME” to “Gnome”.^[7]

Evolution

GNOME 1

GNOME 2.6

GNOME 2.20

GNOME 2.26 (latest)

Project structure

As with most free software projects, the GNOME project is loosely managed. Discussion chiefly occurs on a number of public mailing lists.^[8]

In August 2000 the GNOME Foundation was set up to deal with administrative tasks and press interest and to act as a contact point for companies interested in developing GNOME software. While not directly involved in technical decisions, the Foundation does coordinate releases and decide which projects will be part of GNOME. Membership is open to anyone who has made a non-trivial contribution to the project.^[9] Members of the Foundation elect a board of directors every November, and candidates for the positions must be members themselves.

Developers and users of GNOME gather at an annual meeting known as GUADEC in order to discuss the current state of the project and its future direction.^[10]

GNOME often incorporates standards from freedesktop.org into itself to allow GNOME applications to appear more integrated into other desktops (and vice versa), and encourages cooperation as well as competition.

Major subprojects

GNOME is built from a large number of different projects. A few of the major ones are listed below:

• Bonobo – a (obsolete in current releases) compound document technology.
• GConf – for storing application settings.
• GVFS – a virtual file system.
• GNOME Keyring – for storing encryption keys and security information.
• GNOME Translation Project – translate documentation and applications into different languages.
• GTK+ – a widget toolkit used for constructing graphical applications. The use of GTK+ as the base widget toolkit allows GNOME to benefit from certain features such as theming (the ability to change the look of an application) and smooth anti-aliased graphics. Sub-projects of GTK+ provide object-oriented programming support (GObjects), extensive support of international character sets and text layout (Pango) and accessibility (ATK). GTK+ reduces the amount of work required to port GNOME applications to other platforms such as Windows and Mac OS X.
• Human interface guidelines (HIG) – research and documentation on building easy-to-use GNOME applications.
• LibXML – an XML library.
• ORBit – a CORBA ORB for software componentry.

A number of language bindings are available allowing applications to be written in a variety of programming languages, such as C++ (gtkmm), Java (java-gnome), Ruby (ruby-gnome2), C#, (Gtk#), Python (PyGTK), Perl (gtk2-perl) and many others. The only languages currently used in applications that are part of an official GNOME desktop release are C, C# and Python.

Look and feel

GNOME is designed around the traditional computing desktop metaphor. Its handling of windows, applications and files is similar to that of contemporary desktop operating systems. In its default configuration, the desktop has a launcher menu for quick access to installed programs and file locations; open windows may be accessed by a taskbar along the bottom of the screen and the top-right corner features a notification area for programs to display notices while running in the background. However these features can be moved to almost anywhere the user desires, replaced with other functions or removed altogether.

GNOME uses Metacity as its default window manager. Users can change the appearance of their desktop through the use of themes, which are sets consisting of an icon set, window manager border and GTK+ theme engine and parameters. Popular GTK+ themes include Bluecurve and Clearlooks (the current default theme).

GNOME puts emphasis on being easy for everyone to use. The HIG helps guide developers in producing applications which look and behave similarly, in order to provide a cohesive GNOME interface.

Usability

Since GNOME v2.0, a key focus of the project has been usability. As a part of this, the GNOME Human Interface Guidelines (HIG) were created, which is an extensive guide for creating quality, consistent and usable GUI programs, covering everything from GUI design to recommended pixel-based layout of widgets.

During the v2.0 rewrite, many settings were deemed to be of little or no value to the majority of users and were removed. For instance, the preferences section of the Panel were reduced from a dialog of six tabs to one with two tabs. Havoc Pennington summarized the usability work in his 2002 essay "Free Software UI", emphasizing the idea that all preferences have a cost, and it's better to "unbreak the software" than to add a UI preference to do that:^[12]

A traditional free software application is configurable so that it has the union of all features anyone's ever seen in any equivalent application on any other historical platform. Or even configurable to be the union of all applications that anyone's ever seen on any historical platform (Emacs *cough*).

Does this hurt anything? Yes it does. It turns out that preferences have a cost. Of course, some preferences also have important benefits - and can be crucial interface features. But each one has a price, and you have to carefully consider its value. Many users and developers don't understand this, and end up with a lot of cost and little value for their preferences dollar.

Releases

Each of the parts making up the GNOME project has its own version number and release schedule. However, individual module maintainers coordinate their efforts to create a full GNOME stable release on a roughly six-month schedule.

The releases listed in the table below are classed as stable.

Version	Date	Information
	August 1997[13]	GNOME development announced
1.0	March 1999[14]	First major GNOME release
1.0.53	October 1999[15]	"October"
1.2	May 2000[16]	"Bongo"
1.4	April 2001[17]	"Tranquility"
2.0	June 2002[18]	Major upgrade based on GTK2. Introduction of the Human Interface Guidelines.
2.2	February 2003[19]	Multimedia and file manager improvements.
2.4	September 2003[20]	"Temujin": Epiphany, accessibility support.
2.6	March 2004[21]	Nautilus changes to a spatial file manager, and a new GTK+ file dialog is introduced. A short-lived fork of GNOME, GoneME, is created as a response to the changes in this version.
2.8	September 2004[22]	Improved removable device support, adds Evolution.
2.10	March 2005[23]	Lower memory requirements and performance improvements. Adds: new panel applets (modem control, drive mounter and trashcan); and the Totem and Sound Juicer applications
2.12	September 2005[24]	Nautilus improvements; improvements in cut/paste between applications and freedesktop.org integration. Adds: Evince PDF viewer; New default theme: Clearlooks; menu editor; keyring manager and admin tools. Based on GTK+ 2.8 with cairo support.
2.14	March 2006[25]	Performance improvements (over 100% in some cases); usability improvements in user preferences; GStreamer 0.10 multimedia framework. Adds: Ekiga video conferencing application; Deskbar search tool; Pessulus lockdown editor; Fast user switching; Sabayon system administration tool.
2.16	September 2006[26]	Performance improvements. Adds: Tomboy notetaking application; Baobab disk usage analyser; Orca screen reader; GNOME Power Manager (improving laptop battery life); improvements to Totem, Nautilus; compositing support for Metacity; new icon theme. Based on GTK+ 2.10 with new print dialog.
2.18	March 2007[27]	Performance improvements. Adds: Seahorse GPG security application, allowing encryption of emails and local files; Baobab disk usage analyser improved to support ring chart view; Orca screen reader; improvements to Evince, Epiphany and GNOME Power Manager, Volume control; two new games, GNOME Sudoku and glchess. MP3 and AAC audio encoding.
2.20	September 2007[28]	Tenth anniversary release. Evolution backup functionality; improvements in Epiphany, EOG, GNOME Power Manager; password keyring management in Seahorse. Adds: PDF forms editing in Evince; integrated search in the file manager dialogs; automatic multimedia codec installer.
2.22	March 2008[29]	Addition of Cheese, a tool for taking photos from webcams and Remote Desktop Viewer; basic window compositing support in Metacity; introduction of GVFS; improved playback support for DVDs and YouTube, MythTV support in Totem; internationalised clock applet; Google Calendar support and message tagging in Evolution; improvements in Evince, Tomboy, Sound Juicer and Calculator.
2.24	September 2008[30]	Addition of the Empathy instant messenger, Ekiga 3.0, tabbed browsing in Nautilus, better multiple screens support and improved digital TV support.
2.26	March 2009[31]	New Disc Burning application Brasero, simpler file sharing, media player improvements, support for multiple monitors and fingerprint reader support.

Source code

GNOME releases are made to the ftp.gnome.org FTP server^[32] in the form of source code with configure scripts, which are compiled by operating system vendors and integrated with the rest of their systems before distribution. Most vendors use only stable and tested versions of GNOME, and provide it in the form of easily installed, pre-compiled packages. The source code of every stable and development version of GNOME is stored in the GNOME Subversion source code repository.^[33]

A number of build-scripts (such as JHBuild or GARNOME) are available to help automate the process of compiling the source code.

Future developments

There are many sub-projects under the umbrella of the GNOME project, and not all of them are currently included in GNOME releases. Some are considered purely experimental concepts, or for testing ideas that will one day migrate into stable GNOME applications; others are code that is being polished for direct inclusion.

GNOME 3.0

The next version of the desktop environment was officially announced at the 2008 GUADEC conference held in Istanbul in July. Release has been targeted for 2010, in place of version 2.30 of the current branch. Although the desktop will undergo a major revision, changes planned so far are mostly incremental.^[34]

Usage

GNOME is the default desktop environment for several Linux distributions, most notably Debian, Fedora and Ubuntu.

For derived and other distributions, see Comparison of Linux distributions.

Do you know Linus Torvalds?

In Indonesian click here

Linus Benedict Torvalds [ˈliːnɵs ˈtuːrvalds]; born December 28, 1969 in Helsinki, Finland) is a Finnish software engineer best known for having initiated the development of the Linux kernel. He later became the chief architect of the Linux kernel, and now acts as the project's coordinator.

Biography

Early years

Linus Torvalds was born in Helsinki, Finland, the son of journalists Anna and Nils Torvalds,^[2] and the grandson of poet Ole Torvalds. His family belongs to the Swedish-speaking minority (5.5%) of Finland's population. Torvalds was named after Linus Pauling, the American Nobel Prize-winning chemist, although in the book Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution, Torvalds is quoted as saying, "I think I was named equally for Linus the Peanuts cartoon character," noting that this makes him half "Nobel-prize-winning chemist" and half "blanket-carrying cartoon character".^[3] Both of his parents were campus radicals at the University of Helsinki in the 1960s.

Torvalds attended the University of Helsinki from 1988 to 1996, graduating with a master's degree in computer science. His M.Sc. thesis was titled Linux: A Portable Operating System. His academic career was interrupted after completing his first year of study when he joined the Finnish Army, selecting the 11-month officer training program, thus fulfilling the mandatory military service of Finland. In the army he held the rank of second lieutenant, with the role of fire controller, calculating positions of guns, targets, and trajectories, finally telling the guns where to shoot.^[4] In 1990, he resumed his university studies, and was exposed to UNIX for the first time, in the form of a DEC MicroVAX running ULTRIX.^[5] In June 2000, the University of Helsinki issued Torvalds an honorary doctorate.^[6]

His interest in computers began with a Commodore VIC-20.^[7] After the VIC-20 he purchased a Sinclair QL which he modified extensively, especially its operating system. He programmed an assembly language and a text editor for the QL, as well as a few games.^[8] He is known to have written a Pac-Man clone named Cool Man. On January 2, 1991 he purchased an Intel 80386-based IBM PC^[9] and spent a month playing the game Prince of Persia before receiving his MINIX copy which in turn enabled him to begin his work on Linux.^[3]

Later years

Linus Torvalds is married to Tove Torvalds (née Monni) — a six-time Finnish national karate champion — whom he first met in the autumn of 1993.^[10] Torvalds was running introductory computer laboratory exercises for students and instructed the course attendants to send him an e-mail as a test, to which Tove responded with an e-mail asking for a date.^[3] Tove and Linus were later married and have three daughters, Patricia, Daniela, and Celeste.^[11]

After a visit to Transmeta in late 1996,^[1] he accepted a position at the company in California, where he would work from February 1997 through June 2003. He then moved to the Open Source Development Labs, which has since merged with the Free Standards Group to become the Linux Foundation, under whose auspices he continues to work. In June 2004, Torvalds and his family moved to Portland, Oregon to be closer to the consortium's Beaverton, Oregon-based headquarters.

From 1997 to 1999 he was involved in 86open helping to choose the standard binary format for Linux and Unix.

Red Hat and VA Linux, both leading developers of Linux-based software, presented Torvalds with stock options in gratitude for his creation.^[12] In 1999, both companies went public and Torvalds' net worth shot up to roughly $20 million.^[13][14]

His personal mascot is a penguin nicknamed Tux, which has been widely adopted by the Linux community as the mascot of the Linux kernel.

Torvalds generally stays out of non-kernel-related debates. Although Torvalds believes that "open source is the only right way to do software", he also has said that he uses the "best tool for the job", even if that includes proprietary software.^[15] He has been criticized for his use and alleged advocacy of the proprietary BitKeeper software for version control in the Linux kernel. However, Torvalds has since written a free-software replacement for BitKeeper called Git. Torvalds has commented on official GNOME developmental mailing lists that, in terms of desktop environments, he encourages users to switch to KDE.^[16][17] However, Torvalds thinks KDE 4.0 was a "disaster" because of its lack of maturity, so he switched temporarily to GNOME.^[18]

Udah kenalan ama Linus Torvalds?

Linus Benedict Torvalds (lahir 28 Desember 1969 di Helsinki, Finlandia) adalah rekayasawan perangkat lunak Finlandia yang dikenal sebagai perintis pengembangan kernel Linux. Ia sekarang bertindak sebagai koordinator proyek tersebut.

Linux terinsipirasi oleh Minix (suatu sistem operasi yang dikembangkan oleh Andrew S. Tanenbaum) untuk mengembangkan suatu sistem operasi mirip-Unix (Unix-like) yang dapat dijalankan pada suatu PC. Linux sekarang dapat dijalankan pada berbagai arsitektur lain.

Ketika Linus Torvalds, seorang mahasiswa Finlandia pendiam membagi-bagikan kode sumber (source code) kernel Linux seukuran disket via internet di tahun 1991, ia sama sekali tidak menduga bahwa apa yang dimulainya melahirkan sebuah bisnis bernilai milyaran dolar di kemudian hari.

Ia bahkan tidak menduga Linux kemudian menjadi sistem operasi paling menjanjikan, yang bisa dibenamkan ke dalam server, komputer desktop, tablet PC, PDA, handphone, GPS, robot, mobil hingga pesawat ulang alik buatan NASA.

Tidak hanya itu, banyak maniak Linux (Linuxer) yang membeli perangkat buatan Apple dan mengganti sistem operasinya dengan Linux. Bagi saya itu sedikit gila, mengingat menghapus sistem operasi Mac & iPod berarti membuang duit dan menggantinya sistem operasinya cukup sulit dibanding desktop berbasis Windows. Saat ini 20% pangsa pasar desktop di seluruh dunia menggunakan Linux jauh di atas Machintosh dan terus mengejar desktop Windows. Dan 12,7% server di seluruh dunia menggunakan Linux, jauh di atas UNIX, BSD, Solaris, dan terus meningkat menggerus pangsa pasar server Microsoft.

Saat ini Linus meninggalkan posisi menjanjikan di perusahaan semi konduktor Transmeta dan tinggal bersama istri dan 3 anaknya di sebuah bukit di desa di Portland, Oregon, USA, berdekatan dengan markas Open Source Development Labs. Organisasi nirlaba ini diawaki oleh 20-an programmer yang punya gairah hampir sama dengan Linus. Mereka terus mengembangkan kernel Linux yang kini berukuran 290-an MegaBytes atau melebihi 9 milyar baris kode. Linux beserta timnya menerima masukan baris-baris kode dari seluruh penjuru dunia, menyortir, menetapkan skala prioritas dan memasukkan gagasan paling brilian ke dalam kernel. LSD sendiri disokong oleh puluhan raksasa IT seperti IBM, HP, Dell dan Sun, baik dari sisi materi maupun sumber daya manusia.

Linus bukan orang pertama yang membagi-bagikan source code karena pola ini adalah hal yang biasa di masa awal tumbuhnya industri komputer. Tapi Linus sukses menetapkan standar yang memaksa banyak pengembang ikut membebaskan kode sumber program mereka, mulai dari BSD, Solaris, Suse, Java hingga Adobe.

Meski hanya bergaji ratusan ribu dolar pertahun, Linus telah menciptakan banyak multimilyuner dalam industri komputer mulai dari RedHat, Suse, Debian, Mandriva, Ubuntu dan banyak developer software open source lainnya. Hampir tak ada yang berubah dari Linus. Ketika ia datang terlambat di suatu konferensi IT, ia bahkan tak segan-segan duduk di lantai dengan celana pendek dan sepatu-sandal kesukaannya. Ia bahkan tidak marah tatkala memberikan pidato di mimbar dan diinterupsi oleh beberapa programmer BSD yang maju ke depan panggung yang mengklaim bahwa kernel BSD jauh lebih hebat ketimbang kernel Linux. Ia bahkan tidak segan-segan memakai T-Shirt BSD yang disodorkan pemrotes dan melanjutkan pidatonya.

Menurut Linus, apa yang dilakukannya hanyalah untuk berbagi. Berbeda dengan Richard M Stallman yang fanatik dengan konsep free software, Linus hanya menekankan sisi keterbukaan (open), tak peduli apakah kemudian dalam suatu sistem operasi bercampur program free dan proprietery.

Setiap kata-kata Linus hampir menjadi sabda di kalangan Linuxer yang menciptakan standar nilai tertentu. Setiap publikasi, pidato, email dab press releasenya selalu ditunggu-tunggu jutaan orang. Di sela kesibukannya, Linus menyempatkan diri bersepeda menuruni bukit dan minum di bar desa. Bila ada nabi dalam dunia komputer, bisa dipastikan itu Linus (dan Steve Wozniak). Dan setannya tentu Bill Gates :)

TOT Linux Server File dan Data Server Angkatan ke 4

Kegiatan kerjasama RISTEK – PT. ARDELINDO, dalam rangka Pelatihan TOT Linux Server & Data Center Angkatan ke 4 yang merupakan bagian dari 8 seri pelatihan TOT tingkat lanjut. Telah berlangsung tanggal 19 Maret 2009 di Lab Test Bad Ristek. Tujuan diselenggarakannya kegiatan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan SDM dibidang Linux Server File dan Data Center (Linux System Administrator), dengan materi File Sharing, SMB (Samba) dan Server Data Center.

Pelatihan kali ini dihadiri oleh 15 peserta dari berbagai instansi swasta, pemerintah, peneliti dan lembaga pendidikan, antara lain peserta berasal dari perwakilan PT. Inti Ganda Perdana, PT. Supra Primatama Nusantara - Biznet, PT. Bangsawan Cyberindo, FK Univ. YARSI, Institut Teknologi Indonesia, Perguruan Islam Darussalam, SMKN 2 Temanggung JATENG, SMP/SMA Budi Mulia Karawang, Dewan Riset Nasional, UPT. Balai Pengolahan Mineral Lampung - LIPI, LAPAN, BPPT, DEPDAGRI. Diharapkan dari kegiatan ini peserta dapat meningkatkan kemampuannya dan menggunakannya diinstansinya masing-masing.

USU ingin menjadi WORLD CLASS University

Universitas Sumatera Utara sebagai salah satu PTN di Indonesia ingin mendapatkan predikat "World Class University" dengan temanya University for Industry oleh karena itu dalam rangka ingin mendapatkannya sekarang USU sedang gencar-gencarnya memperpaiki segala sistem universitasnya. sebagiaman yang disampaikan oleh Rektor USU Prof. Chairuddin P.Lubis, DTMA, DSAk menyampaikan bahwa USU akan melakukan pengembangan muatan situs website USU, termasuk content (isi) untuk semua mata kuliah dalam aplikasi USU e-Learning dan karya civitas akademika dalam USU Repositori. Menurut Rektor dengan website tersebut nantinya akan banyak penilaian yang dilakukan oleh Badan Akreditasi Nasional (BAN) dengan hanya mengunjungi website USU. Ditambahkan bahwa pengayaan isi website mutlak perlu dilakukan agar apa yang ada di USU dapat tergambar dengan sebenarnya dalam website tersebut. Selain itu USU juga akan melakukan penataan kampus dibidang pertamanan dan keindahan kampus agar kampus USU sejuk dan layak dipandang

Salah satu hal yang harus dipenuhi adalah harus adanya e-learning yang diasuh oleh para dosen dan dapat diakses oleh mahasiswa baik dalam maupun luar USU. Tetapi sepertiya e-learning USU masih belum banyak berkembang.

University of North Sumatera

Daemon Tools

Daemon Tools (styled DAEMON Tools by its creators) is a disk image emulator and optical disc authoring program for Microsoft Windows. Daemon Tools was originally a furtherance in the development of another program, Generic SafeDisc emulator, and incorporated all of its features. The program is able to defeat most copy protection schemes such as SafeDisc and SecuROM.^[1].It is currently compatible with Windows XP and Windows Vista.

Contents 1 Supported file types 2 Editions 3 Blacklisting 4 Y.A.S.U.

Supported file types

As of January 2008, the following image formats are supported:^[2]

• b5t (BlindWrite 5)
• b6t (BlindWrite 6)
• bwt (BlindRead)
• ccd (CloneCD)
• cdi (DiscJuggler)
• cue (Cue Sheet)
• iso (Standard ISO)
• mds (Media Descriptor File)
• nrg (Nero)
• pdi (Instant CD/DVD)
• isz (Compressed ISO)

Editions

Versions prior to v4.00 had only one edition. That edition was freeware, had no adware, and was solely an imaging disc-emulation software (no image conversion, creation, burning, and so forth). Version 3.47 is the last such version.

Since version 4.00, four editions of the product exist: Lite [Commercial], Pro Standard and Pro Advanced. A feature comparison is given below:^[3]

Feature	Lite [Commercial]	DAEMON Tools Pro Standard/Advanced Evaluation	Pro Standard	Pro Advanced
Graphical user interface	Yes (Mount'n'Drive manager)	Yes	Yes	Yes
Shell extensions	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Image creation	Yes (without preset profiles)	Yes	Yes	Yes
Command-line interface	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Maximum number of virtual SCSI CD/DVD devices	4	16 / 32	16	32
Maximum number of virtual IDE CD/DVD devices	0	0 / 2	0	2
Image mounting to the virtual devices	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Image mounting to the physical folders	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Image collection management	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Image compression/encryption	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
System Tray Agent	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Virtual devices' properties monitoring	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Image converter	No	No / Yes	No	Yes
Included advertising software	None	None	None	None
Cost-free?	Yes (non-commercial use)	Yes (20-days evaluation period)	No	No

Blacklisting

Some software publishers go to great lengths to disable or frustrate Daemon Tools. For example, some games will check whether the Daemon Tools driver is loaded, and if so will take some action, such as uninstalling the toolset altogether. New releases of Daemon Tools take various measures to ensure the functionality of the application. For example, revision 4.06 randomizes the name of the virtual driver installed by the software.^{[citation needed]}

Daemon Tools currently uses rootkit technology to hide from other applications and the operating system itself. This often leads to false reports by antivirus and anti-rootkit software (such as RootkitRevealer).^[4]

Y.A.S.U.

Y.A.S.U (Yet Another SecuROM Utility) is a very small tool that works as an "SCSI-drive protector". It was created by sYk0, who also created CureROM (but CureROM uses an alternative method to protect SCSI drives).

It’s a simple utility that can be used to hide emulated drives from SecuROM 7 and SafeDisc 4. YASU is a companion program for Daemon Tools and currently being hosted, supported and maintained by the Daemon Tools team and copybase.org.

Parameter Arrays

If you take a look at the classes found in the common language runtime (CLR), you’ll find more than a few with methods that can accept a variable-length list of parameters. One example would be the System.Console.WriteLine method, which has an overloaded declaration that works to support replaceable parameters in the string written to the console. For example, this code:
Console.WriteLine("{0} jumped over {1}.", "The cow", "the moon");

produces the following output:
The cow jumped over the moon.

Any number of replaceable parameters can be specified in this fashion, which means that the number of arguments passed to the WriteLine method can vary from call to call. C# supports this behavior with the params keyword, which, when used before an array type in a function’s argument list, creates a parameter array. You can use this array to fake optional parameters in practice. Check out Listing A for an example of this in action.

You can see that this solution works pretty well. The OptionalStrings method may be legally called with no parameters, in which case the parameter array args is simply empty—in effect, the entire array is optional. Further, the calling function doesn’t need to explicitly wrap the parameters it sends in an array, and since the parameter array is an honest-to-goodness array, the called function can easily determine how many parameters it has received. But there are a few caveats:

• There’s no enforceable limit to the number of arguments received in this way. You couldn’t, for instance, declare the OptionalStrings method to receive a maximum of three optional arguments without writing code to do so at runtime inside the function itself.
• Similarly, there’s no way to make the array typesafe. If you need to support multiple types in the parameter array, you’re limited to using a lowest-common-denominator approach, usually declaring the parameter array as type Object.
• Only one parameter may be marked using params, and it must be the last parameter in the method’s argument list.
• You can't specify an optional out (passed by reference) parameter using this method.

An object-oriented solution
Another possible solution would be to create a class encapsulating all the possible arguments a method could receive, and pass an instance of that class to the method in question. This approach makes sense from an object-oriented point of view and solves the problems I pointed out with the parameter array solution, as you can see from Listing B.

By creating a default, parameterless constructor for the ParameterClass class, I can set whatever default values I want for the public fields, which represent the possible parameters for the OptionalObjects method. I just override any of the fields I’m interested in actually providing a value for, and pass the whole object to OptionalObjects. Because objects are passed by reference, any changes made to a ParameterClass field while inside the OptionalObjects method are reflected when the method returns. In effect, the whole object is an out parameter.

Not only does this provide a neat solution to the optional parameter conundrum, but passing arguments in the form of objects also serves to further insulate your classes from one another. It’s possible, using this method, to add additional arguments for OptionalObjects with a minimum of fuss. Simply redefining ParameterClass to contain the new fields is all that’s required.

Not perfect, but it works
None of these solutions is perfect, but they all enable you to fake your way into supporting optional parameters in your applications. Since the last word received from Microsoft seems to indicate that built-in optional parameter support will not be forthcoming, we’ll have to get by with workarounds like these.